Integrating multi capital approaches for enhancing sustainability in agri-food supply chains

Abstract The transition toward sustainable agri-food supply chains demands holistic strategies that harmonize environmental stewardship, economic viability, and social equity. Drawing on a systematic review of 75 peer-reviewed studies (2014–2024), this article examines how the integration of multiple forms of capital—natural, financial, social, and human—collectively enhances sustainability outcomes. Our synthesis reveals that resilient systems emerge when these capitals interact synergistically, enabling both technological innovation and inclusive stakeholder engagement. However, critical barriers persist, especially in developing regions where fragmented policy support and underinvestment constrain impact. From this integrated analysis, we propose a conceptual framework to map capital interactions, identify regional disparities, and highlight evidence-based policy levers. The findings offer actionable insights for policymakers and practitioners aiming to build climate-resilient, socially inclusive, and economically viable agri-food systems.