Obesity, women’s reproductive health, and demography. a contemporary perspective on the problem

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body, posing a threat to health and serving as a major risk factor for numerous chronic disorders. The prevalence of obesity among women of reproductive age continues to rise, making it one of the most significant medical, social, and demographic challenges of our time. Obesity exerts an adverse impact on all stages of the reproductive process — from ovulation and oocyte quality to endometrial receptivity, outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies, and the course of pregnancy. Women with obesity more frequently experience anovulation and infertility and are at increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, fetal macrosomia, and complicated deliveries. Current preventive measures include preconception care, lifestyle modification, breastfeeding support, and the implementation of nutritional and physical activity standards. A comprehensive interdisciplinary approach is considered a key strategy to improve reproductive outcomes, reduce obstetric risks, and promote the health of future generations.