Oral Mucosal Lesions Associated with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

Objective: To determine the prevalence and types of oral mucosal lesions associated with fixed metal orthodontic appliances and assess their correlation with patient demographics and treatment duration. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 235 patients (aged 11-39 years) undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment was conducted in Baghdad, Iraq (September 2024-March 2025). Clinical examinations were performed by two specialists, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: Among 235 participants (63.4% females, 80% aged <25 years), gingivitis was most prevalent (61.3%), followed by ulcerative lesions (29.4%), white lesions (3.4%), fibroma (2.6%), infection (1.3%), and periodontitis (1.3%). Orthodontic treatment duration >1 year was significantly associated with increased lesion prevalence (p=0.002). No significant gender-based differences were observed (p>0.05). Conclusion: Fixed orthodontic appliances are associated with high prevalence of oral mucosal lesions, particularly gingivitis and ulcers. These findings emphasize the need for preventive strategies and comprehensive oral hygiene protocols in orthodontic care.