The use of sniffer dogs in drug enforcement: An integrative review

The use of sniffer dogs in drug enforcement is widespread in several countries; however, the scientific literature lacks an integrated understanding of their effectiveness. This article presents an integrative literature review using EMMIE framework to analyze 15 studies selected from 157 documents retrieved in Scopus and Web of Science. The results are organized into seven domains, including operational context, human behavior, and legal perspectives. Our findings highlight significant divergences in the effectiveness and acceptability of this practice across various contexts, underscoring the need for more evidence-based, context-sensitive, and ethically grounded policy approaches.