Authors

• Elizabeth Sheppard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6528-0766)
• Grace A. McComsey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2690-8888)
• Laura Carrera‐García (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4762-7591)
• Amin Yakubov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2499-2126)
• Richard Brown (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3718)
• Diara Canton
• Kristen Huden
• Tamara G. Fong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8355-7047)
• Alex D. Federman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4824-064X)
• Ryan Smith (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4448-185X)
• Michael S. Glickman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7918-5164)
• Michael B. Sullivan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5454-9355)
• Neil H. Pliskin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0712-5039)
• David Krause
• John F. Courtright
• David Andrés González (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0882-7689)
• Helen Y. Chu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8502-9600)
• Cecilia Ferreyra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5480-7940)
• Trina Hughes
• Elizabeth Geary
• R BURR
• Sarah Scott (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3325-8169)
• Ramaswamy Ramchandran
• Eric Watson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1917-2748)
• N. Fromm
• Kristine Mace Erlandson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0808-6729)
• Haydée Viola (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4230-4451)
• Oluwadamilola A. Adeyemi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6460-364X)
• Sarah Dickey
• Linda J. Dutton
• Hillary Johnson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-141X)
• Ting Mei (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3029-4460)
• Carolina Escobar
• Leslie Guidotti-Breting
• Andrew O’Donnell
• Luis Ángel Fernández (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5920-0638)
• Ashleigh Trapuzzano
• Elen Feuerriegel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3365-0574)
• Jacquelynn Copeland
• William Hurst (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8287-0330)
• Heidi L. Erickson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5537-8893)
• Hau Pham (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4583-9873)
• William Hartley
• I. Torres
• Zoe Arvanitakis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-8884)
• Michael Reyes
• Caroline Altaras (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5347-9981)
• Elisa Dicker
• Jessica Meyer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0572-1638)
• S. Marsh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-8841)
• Shayna Pehel
• Gabrielyd Hastings
• Leticia M. Diaz
• John L. Stricker
• Thomas W. DeCato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2129-2343)
• Monica T. Ly (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4842-9047)
• Alec C. Neale (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4130-5778)
• Cheryl E. Farner
• Barbara Sieck Taylor (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2471-9629)
• Daniel B. Brown (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0533-2883)
• Ying Yuan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2436-2483)
• Cristiana Pereira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-1223)
• Morgan Johnson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2081-6176)
• Sairam Parthasarathy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1128-3005)
• Rebecca Reece (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3621-7506)
• Homam Ibrahim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6728-3143)
• Garrett Grischo
• Min‐Jong Kang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3245-144X)
• Mudassar Arain
• Sabine Borwege
• AP South
• Jeffrey A. Klein
• Betty Lise Anderson
• Joy Juskowich
• Tom Van Vleet
• Varsha Gajjar
• James M. Bardes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9361-6263)
• Sumana Shashidhar
• Gabrielle A. Hromas
• Kimberly Clinton
• Shambhu Aryal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3753-4378)
• Kenneth Bottrill
• Carla Hernandez
• Amanda Hautmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6172-6938)
• Isabel Muñoz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7875-086X)
• M. T. Martínez
• Carrie L. Kruck
• Torrey L. Gallagher
• Jeffrey McKeehan
• Timothy Hatlen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3755-4309)
• Celia Engelson
• Leigh Charvet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4429-9713)
• Jessica Reed
• Carmen Isache
• Jennifer Bowman
• Lindsey Hildebrand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8936-2535)
• Matthew Wright (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8489-6347)
• Kelly Henderson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8684-5367)
• Michelle Thomas
• Dina Naquiallah
• Matthew Lin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-4653)
• Maxine Krengel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7632-590X)
• Helen Nguyen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-1507)
• Liliana Serrano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3621-0697)
• Ian Sankar
• Michael L. Doyle (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4569-6315)
• Tim Ko
• Divya Pathak
• Nicole M. Durkin
• Barrie Harper
• Daniel Nguyen
• Sally Hodder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0728-5550)
• Michael D. Carrithers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-0804)
• Jennifer Raynor (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9452-9535)
• P. C. Bunch
• E. Ortiz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1994-7459)
• M. D. Rutherford (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7685-8076)
• Nikita Maniar
• Giuseppina Pilloni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6226-5627)
• M. Judd
• Ning Wei (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8827-1320)
• Carolyn Z. Grimes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4931-9947)
• Kathleen F. Pagulayan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8010-1631)
• James N. Moy
• D. H. Schulte
• Genevieve E. Roth
• Jessica Kim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2965-226X)
• Janet M. Mullington (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9156-9424)
• Samantha Sullivan
• Jennifer Logue (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9549-2738)
• Melissa Morton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2803-060X)
• Aditi Gupta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6286-802X)
• Adam M. Silverstein (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8366-7294)
• G. K. Bienkowski
• Brandon M. Johnson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3871-3378)
• H. Deniz Kocas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5360-2537)
• Rebecca Lin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1469-0298)
• Megan McVeety
• Deborah K. Attix (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4254-9902)
• Tan Cong Nguyen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1596-7199)
• Arista Chand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2421-1668)
• D. Terry
• Elaine T Kiriakopoulos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4001-5066)
• Gowrisree Rudraraju (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5160-2197)
• Sarah Kaden (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6248-7465)
• Elisha Johnson
• Yonatan Sarig (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1702-5362)
• Chloe E. Pitsch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0964-4265)
• July Chen
• Dylan Behun (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9977-3857)
• Sarah Shizuko Morimoto
• Mrinalini Kala (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2527-9787)
• Anna Kennedy
• Sarah Dowling
• Steven E. McNulty
• Joyce Lee‐Iannotti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2710-3133)
• Andrew Lawler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2826-7431)
• Irma Scholler
• Henry W. Mahncke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2542-7305)
• Ryan Vane
• Sukanya Mohapatra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6385-5821)
• David S. Knopman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6544-066X)
• Praneeth Chebrolu
• Kiwan Stewart
• L. W. Sackett
• Renee D. Clark
• Cari Cohen
• Chul Hwan Bang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6246-0331)
• Sarah Côté (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3640-7358)
• Tina Schuh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5220-1141)
• Michelle M. Haddad
• Upinder Singh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0630-0306)
• Luis Ostrosky‐Zeichner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4784-7589)
• Robert F. Ferdinand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-6193)
• Alyssa Anderson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5032-5586)
• Juliana Caroline Torres (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3111-4361)
• Sidney P Welch
• Kanecia Obie Zimmerman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3748-6932)
• Chad Glaze
• Ganesh Murthy
• R. Matt Alderson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4639-4856)
• Emily Timm (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5733-1922)
• Ycar Devis
• Jessica Sanchez
• Aileen Murphy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3062-0692)
• Jennifer Frontera (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0719-2522)
• William W. Stringer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2756-6728)
• Sabina Guliyeva
• Sarah E. Jolley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4616-7792)
• Ayesha N Zia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-0415)
• Jorge Verdecia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9609-7366)
• Bela Patel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5804-5226)
• Nicolás Pérez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9645-1468)
• John J. Moore
• Kristine Hauser (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7317-5440)
• Maria Loizos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0278-8623)
• Bridgette Soileau
• Jerry A. Krishnan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5525-4778)
• Kyle J. Jennette (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3641-8957)
• Julie Parsonnet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7342-5366)
• Robin Tragus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6980-9164)
• Daphne-Dominique Villanueva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2282-8725)
• Cheryl Jennings (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3508-5350)
• Mary Ellen Acree (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0726-7221)
• Shafayat Sultan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9622-1048)
• John J. López (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6727-3623)
• Linda N. Geng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9891-5705)
• Brigid Dwyer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6446-8054)
• Ryan W. Schroeder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9297-7833)
• Gina A. Montealegre Sanchez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4274-5102)
• Holly Rau
• Jayakumar Matcha
• Della Carter
• S. Timlin
• Jennifer Scott‐Sutherland
• Hugo H. Hanson
• William D. S. Killgore (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5328-0208)
• Dawn Bolliger
• Julie A. DeLisa
• Jacqueline Becker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2708-6046)
• Caitlyn Stringham
• Gina Brown (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2336-622X)
• Kirsten Cherian (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6058-0081)
• Ellen Stephen
• Daniel T. Laskowitz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3430-8815)
• K. Walkup (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4550-7203)
• Brian G. Celso (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0095-2701)
• Kimberly S. Woodson
• Jessica Chevalier
• Yasmin Jazayeri
• Michelle A. James (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1529-7540)
• Lynn Shaughnessy
• Rebeca Tojo Suarez
• Sarah Ialacci
• Jennifer Dixon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7793-0906)
• Amanda Caplan
• Dylan McDonald (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3725-0930)
• Patricia Heard
• Miguel Grande Rodríguez
• Sharon Hasek
• Barbara Predki
• Corey Saperia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2598-1482)
• Ornina Atieh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3112-8944)
• Jhony Baissary
• Alexander Merheb
• Christina Pak
• Sheila Vadovicky
• Ella Gaskin
• Zenita Leang
• Anna Elias-Warren
• Ting Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8328-3859)
• Kino Watanabe
• María L. García (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4526-3344)
• Anh Phuong Tran (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7703-6621)
• Jenny Lin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7155-0112)
• Jessica Hernández (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2192-5216)
• Rong Huang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2921-215X)
• Grace Li
• Hannah Miller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3868-9486)
• K Williams (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3723-3937)
• Lisa Nguyen
• Christopher Bailey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7528-6264)
• Michelle L. Beck (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9902-3717)
• S. Macías (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4931-5998)
• Sean M. O’Brien
• Beth Smith
• Pamela Kemp
• Jignesh Patel
• Nirav S. Shah
• Thomas F. Patterson
• Kimberly Stone
• Leslie D. Sims (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2487-2519)
• Ashley O’Steen
• Ashley Bendl
• Jean Mernaugh
• Yuliya Lokhnygina
• Grace Kadubek
• Alyssa Civil
• Lorraine Evo-Ortega
• Kathryn Marcon
• Thomas Wodushek
• Kathryn DiFrancesco
• Kimberly Pettinato
• Alex Harteloo
• Lisa Longoria
• Alexis Pinones
• Lynn Autry
• Marjorie DiLise-Russo
• R. Angulo Jaramillo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-6719)
• John L. Gainer
• Wendy C. Cox
• Daniel Thai
• Kirsten Anderson
• Laura Villanueva
• Maria Hernandez
• Ashwath Ravisankar
• Isaias Gomez
• Jennifer M. Keller
• Martin S. Keller
• John Walker
• Nathan Yee
• Melissa Cooper
• Alison Fry
• Elizabeth Vidales
• Joie Molden
• Pamela Solis
• Paul Switzer
• Arif R Sarwari
• Claudia Côté
• Deborah Carpenter
• Juan P. Wisnivesky
• Mary Hynes
• Laura Nielsen
• Danielle Labbato
• R. Douglas Arnold
• Megan Rowley
• Mehriban Mammadova
• Ana Ramírez
• Johnnie Jones
• M Fischer
• Kelly Olszewski
• Stanley Way
• Jane Pritchard
• Tonita Wroolie
• Kayleigh M. Reid
• Marie-Clare Harris
• Melissa James
• Todd Bjorklund
• Aileen Baker
• Janice Morinigo
• Lynette Curtis
• John Andrefsky
• Joviane Daher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9008-4066)
• Ziad Koberssy
• Zariya Alvarez
• Leomaris Caba Caceres
• Carly Sykes
• Andreea Podgoreanu
• Netia McCray
• Tania Carmona
• Maria Norwick
• Franco Campanella
• Margaret Childers-Kakos
• Zarine Gazali
• Nikki Marshell
• Robert Gruhn
• Dilara Turut
• Alvin Youkhana
• Andrea Romo-Serna
• Adam Vanderloo
• Zaw Nu Dan
• Piper Propp
• Laura Alyward
• Leah Caropolo
• Brycie Weiden
• Esther Cobbina
• Stephanie Ogu
• Sarah Browngoetz
• Olanike Asupoto
• Farrah Bilimoria
• Raktima Daspgupta
• Caleb Mavar
• Jeannie Karwowski
• Laura Prestige
• Samanike Hengst
• Brandon Comfort
• Lisa Tempest-Browning
• Michelle Chidester
• Annie Meltzer-Christensen
• Richard DeArmond
• Fabiola Dupre
• Kristine Brunton
• Megan Biewer
• Meghan Marotz
• Karisma Pantaleon
• Judy Galaz
• Shreya Mahasenan
• Logan Rhys
• Amy Perlack
• Cindy Leman
• Syeda Uruba
• Kathryn Zerwekh
• Anne Oravets
• Ma Elepano
• Laurel Peabody
• Catherine Ogunwuyi
• Sabrina Heisey
• Cristina Panhans
• Rachel Beety
• Virginia Umana-Sanchez
• Linda Murtagh
• Amidat Yusuff
• Quinneil Simmons
• Nicholas Mathenia
• Erica Blystone
• Heather Glesne
• Izabella Szum
• Vaishanvi Katragadda
• Christie Merisme
• Dia Nath
• Mukund Nakhate

Institutions

• Dartmouth College (US)
• Boston University (US)
• West Virginia University (US)
• University of Iowa (US)
• Rush University Medical Center (US)
• Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center (US)
• Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
• Barrow Neurological Institute (US)
• Mayo Clinic (US)
• University of Arizona (US)
• Emory University (US)
• The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
• Duke University (US)
• University of Washington (US)
• University Hospitals of Cleveland (US)
• UCLA Medical Center (US)
• Jacksonville University (US)
• University of Illinois Chicago (US)
• Clinical Research Institute (US)
• Community Care (US)
• Center for Neuro-Oncology (US)
• Evanston Hospital (US)
• Utah Department of Health (US)
• University of Kansas Medical Center (US)
• Texas Center for Infectious Disease (US)
• Posit Science (United States) (US)
• Harbor–UCLA Medical Center (US)
• The University of Texas at San Antonio (US)
• University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (US)
• New York University (US)
• The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
• Stanford University (US)
• Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)

Publication Details

Journal

JAMA Neurology

Published

2025-11-10

DOI

https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.4415

Citations

3

Primary Topic

Long-Term Effects of COVID-19

Type

article

Field-Weighted Citation Impact

4.17

Funders

• University of Washington
• Case Western Reserve University
• Dartmouth College
• Rush University
• West Virginia University
• University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
• University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
• School of Medicine, Duke University
• School of Medicine, Stanford University
• School of Medicine
• University of Illinois at Chicago