The Correlation Between High-Fluoride Hot Springs and Microbial Community Structure and Diversity

High-fluoride hot springs serve as a natural laboratory for investigating microbial adaptation and variations in community structure under extreme environments. This study utilized water chemistry analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the correlation between high-fluoride hot springs and microbial community structure and diversity. The results show that the five hot springs exhibited an average F− content of 15.04 mg/L, with weakly alkaline pH, high total dissolved solids, and Na+ as the dominant cation. The hydrochemical type was classified as HCO3⋅SO4-Na, consistent with the chemical characteristics of high-fluorine water. Microbial abundance and diversity were significantly reduced in the hot springs as compared to the surface water and groundwater samples. The dominant phyla in the study area included Pseudomonadota, Cyanobacteriota, Bacteroidota, and Actinomycetota. The genus-level composition varied significantly across samples, with no dominant genus observed universally. The specific genera present in different samples exhibit unique functional attributes, such as Tepidimonas, Rhodobacter, Hyphomonas, Parvibaculum, Polynucleobacter and Limnohabitans. Cluster analysis confirmed that dissimilarity coefficients highlight the significant influence of microbial abundance on inter-sample differences among hot springs. Redundancy analysis of the top 11 phyla by abundance in water samples revealed that the presence of F− exerts inhibitory effects on microbial growth.