Comparative evaluation of phytochemical, nutritional, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cold pressed oils in India

This study presents a comprehensive characterization of nine cold-pressed vegetable oils derived from fruits, nuts, and seeds commonly retailed in India, focusing on their nutritional quality, oxidative stability, and potential health benefits. Our study uniquely combines detailed profiling of fatty acid composition with the assessment of key bioactive components such as carotenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids an approach not often addressed collectively in previous literature. Coconut, almond, and safflower oils contained the highest proportions of saturated (87%), monounsaturated (66%), and polyunsaturated (74%) fatty acids, respectively. Minimal quantities of coconut and safflower oils were sufficient to meet daily intake recommendations for saturated (8 g) and unsaturated (10.4 g) fatty acids, respectively. Due to its high saturated fat, coconut oil exhibited the highest atherogenicity (10.7) and thrombogenicity (5.2) indices. Palm and niger oils demonstrated higher oxidation values, correlating with their oxidative state. Palm oil showed exceptional carotene content (812 mg/kg), while sesame and palm oils exhibited the highest phenolic (30 and 23 mg/100 g) and flavonoid (1.27 and 1.57 mg/g) contents. Using robust techniques GC-FID, spectrophotometric assays, and principal component analysis, we provide integrative insights into the health implications and quality parameters of these oils. This multifactorial assessment bridges critical knowledge gaps and offers evidence-based recommendations aligned with global dietary standards, serving as a valuable resource for health-conscious consumers and the edible oil industry.