From origin to oversight: properties, impacts and management of heavy metals

Heavy metals, derived from both natural processes (e.g., rock weathering) and anthropogenic activities (e.g., industrial emissions, agricultural runoff), pose significant environmental and health risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation in ecosystems. This review emphasizes the need for an in-depth examination of heavy metals, their sources, properties, toxicity, and management. The document also evaluates regulatory frameworks aimed at managing heavy metal contamination and highlights the need for innovative detection and regulation. It underscores the importance of future research and policy advancements to strengthen remediation efforts, safeguard public health, and promote sustainable environmental practices.