Economic performance and scalability of small-scale aquaculture systems: a comparative analysis of pond, cage, and aquaponics systems in the Lake Victoria basin, Uganda

This study evaluates the economic performance, scalability, and resource efficiency of three small-scale aquaculture systems ponds, cages, and aquaponics in the Lake Victoria basin, Uganda. Data were collected from 169 respondents across Buikwe, Mpigi, and Wakiso districts through structured interviews, production records, and field observations. Financial performance was assessed over 5 years using net present value (NPV) and benefit–cost ratio (BCR) as key indicators. Results show that cage culture is the most economically viable and scalable system, with a BCR of 1.10 and a cumulative NPV of USD 1327.10, driven by efficient water use and high turnover. Pond systems were economically feasible, with a BCR of 1.03 and an NPV of USD 266.74, but they had limited scalability due to land requirements and lower long-term returns. Aquaponics systems were economically unsustainable, showing a BCR of 0.66 and a negative NPV of USD 3150.05, mainly because of high input costs and technical complexity. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions such as affordable input access, infrastructure development, and financial support to improve less profitable systems. Policy support, technological innovation, and capacity-building initiatives are recommended to boost productivity, increase adoption, and promote sustainable aquaculture development.