From Vines to Ecosystems: Understanding the Ecological Effects of Grapevine Leafroll Disease

Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD), caused by a complex of grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaVs), is among the most widespread and economically damaging viral diseases of grapevine. While its physiological and yield impacts are well recognized, the broader ecological implications for vineyard ecosystems remain poorly understood. This review integrates traditional literature analysis with bibliometric approaches to synthesize current knowledge on GLRaV occurrence, diversity, host responses, epidemiology, diagnostics, and management. Data from 729 peer-reviewed articles were categorized into six research clusters: global occurrence and first reports, viral diversity and characterization, host–pathogen interactions, epidemiology and vector dynamics, effects on vine physiology and fruit composition, and diagnostic and management strategies. Our findings highlight GLRaVs as dynamic pathogens shaped by genetic variability, human-mediated plant trade, and ecological interactions with vectors and vineyard biodiversity. Knowledge gaps persist regarding mixed infections, underexplored viticultural regions, ecological impacts, and sustainable management. Future work should prioritize high-resolution genomics, multi-omics approaches, improved diagnostics, ecological studies, and innovative management tools. By framing GLD not only as an agronomic but also as an ecological challenge, this review provides a foundation for more holistic strategies to safeguard vineyard health and productivity.