Sublethal effects of matrine and azadirachtin on the wolf spider <scp> <i>Pardosa laura</i> </scp> : no impairment of growth but marked suppression of reproduction

PDPs may not compromise the development of spiders in the first generation, yet they can severely affect reproduction of the spiders, thereby precipitating substantial declines in population size of future generations. This result challenges the conventional wisdom of botanical pesticides, inspiring re-consideration of their rational use in integrated pest management. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.