3D-printed piezoelectrically-actuated self-sensing cantilever for contact resonance

The assessment of mechanical properties is essential across a wide range of scientific and engineering disciplines. Among the available techniques, contact resonance stands out for its sensitivity and resolution. Traditionally associated with atomic force microscopy, this method operates in the nanonewton force range using nanometer-scale tip radii and relies on complex optical detection systems. However, applications involving biological materials, such as plant tissues, might require higher forces, typically in the micronewton range, and larger indenters at the micron scale to minimize local stress. In this work, we present a contact resonance system based on 3D-printed cantilevers designed to operate at micronewton force levels. Both actuation and detection of vibrational modes are achieved using piezoelectric materials, enabling a fully electrical setup that eliminates the need for optical components. The indenters are fabricated from tungsten via electrochemical etching, allowing precise control over tip geometry at the micrometer scale. The system successfully detects frequency shifts upon contact with materials exhibiting elastic moduli from a few to several tens of gigapascals, offering a versatile and cost-effective alternative for mechanical property evaluation. • Development of a low-cost, 3D-printed cantilever with integrated piezoelectric actuation and detection for contact resonance applications. • Implementation of a compact, all-electrical detection system using off-the-shelf components capable of resolving signals in the tens of microvolt range. • Demonstrated sensitivity to materials with Young's moduli ranging from a few gigapascals to several tens of gigapascals.