Role of Circadian Disruptions and Epigenetic Modifications in Cancer and Neuro Developmental Disorders

Circadian rhythms are physiological processes which regulate the sleep-wake cycle, metabolism and hormonal functions driven by clock genes. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), located in the anterior hypothalamus, regulates the mammalian circadian clock. Disruptions in circadian rhythms are associated with various metabolic disorders, neurodevelopmental conditions and cancers. Melatonin is crucial for synchronizing circadian rhythms, it maintains physiological homeostasis and particularly stabilizing the circadian clock under conditions of inflammation and stress. Circadian rhythms misalignments such as sleep disturbances and melatonin deficiencies lead to the pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Time restricting feeding (TRF) is an effective strategy for improving metabolic health and in reducing obesity related risks. Epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation and histone modifications influence the circadian machinery, with dysregulation of these processes contributing to cancer and neurodevelopmental disorders. Therapeutic strategies targeting circadian rhythm alignment, such as melatonin supplementation and epigenetic modifications, offer promising avenues for reducing circadian related pathologies including metabolic syndrome, ASD and cancer.