Emergency evacuations during wildfires: a public health perspective in Québec (Canada)

Purpose The 2023 wildfire season was exceptional in northern Quebec. Due to these wildfires, several towns were evacuated. This study aimed to assess frontline responders’ perspectives on the health and social impacts of major events to improve wildfire preparedness in the region. Design/methodology/approach A preliminary qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews to document the experiences of wildfire evacuation responders from various organizations. A convenience sample of 12 interviewees was recruited using contacts provided by public health authorities. The interview guide, based on intervention evaluation principles, addressed three core themes: structures (e.g. available evacuation resources), processes (services provided during evacuations) and outcomes (health effects). Findings The analysis identified four key stages in the evacuation process that impact health: the evacuation order, transportation, temporary accommodations and the recovery phase. In isolated communities with limited transport networks, evacuating vulnerable populations was challenging, leading to health risks. Displaced individuals stayed in various locations, mostly with family or friends, which fostered social bonds. However, displacement also caused stress, anxiety and distress. During the recovery phase, interviews revealed ongoing psychological and socioeconomic impacts. Interviewees proposed potential solutions for both the healthcare sector and the general population. Originality/value The evacuation process, temporary accommodations and socioeconomic aftermath weakened vulnerable populations, highlighting the need for tailored interventions such as adapted transport and community-based support. Through the analytical lens of vulnerability, the 2023 wildfire season underscored the importance of local context and a holistic approach to public health that considers the cumulative impacts of evacuation, from initial displacement to long-term recovery.