Eco-friendly Functionalization of Bamboo-based Union Fabrics with Ficus religiosa Bark Extract: Antimicrobial, Antifungal, and UV-Protective Performance

This study investigates the use of Ficus religiosa (sacred fig) bark extract as a sustainable finishing agent for bamboo–linen and bamboo–cotton union fabrics. Extracts prepared with aqueous, methanolic, and acetone solvents were evaluated for antimicrobial, antifungal, and ultraviolet (UV) protective properties, along with wash durability. The aqueous extract at 5% concentration showed the most consistent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis and provided complete resistance to Aspergillus niger. Treated fabrics exhibited enhanced UV protection, achieving “excellent” ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) ratings compared to untreated controls. While antibacterial effects diminished after repeated laundering, antifungal resistance and UV protection were largely retained. Phytochemical analysis revealed high levels of flavonoids and phenolics, supporting the observed bioactivity. The treatment preserved fabric structure and improved crease recovery and insulation. These findings demonstrate the potential of F. religiosa bark extract as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic finishes for multifunctional protective textiles.