Research Progress in the Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of <i>Taiwania</i> (Taxodiaceae)

Taiwania Hayata, an ancient relict genus within the family Taxodiaceae, comprises only two species, Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata and Taiwania flousiana Gaussen, which exhibit significant economic and ecological value. In recent years, the secondary metabolites of Taiwania have attracted considerable attention due to their diverse chemical structures and biological activities. Taiwania is rich in various chemical constituents, including terpenoids, lignans, flavonoids, sterols, and phenolic acids. These components not only confer excellent decay resistance and durability to the timber but also demonstrate multiple biological activities, such as antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, along with biocontrol potential. Notably, these compounds display tissue-specific distribution patterns within the plants, with substantial accumulation, particularly in the heartwood. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on the structural characteristics, tissue distribution, and biological activities of chemical constituents in Taiwania, aiming to provide guidance for future research directions and offer insights into the sustainable conservation and efficient utilization of these rare tree species.