<scp>3D</scp> ‐Printed Stretchable Cellulose Hydrogel for Wound Healing

ABSTRACT The intrinsic structure of cellulose provides good stiffness for cellulose hydrogels but limits their flexibility. Compared with traditional wound dressings, hydrogels can maintain moisture and material exchange in the wound area due to their good pore structure and swelling performances. However, the lack of effective immune regulation makes traditional wound dressings and hydrogels difficult to achieve efficient wound healing. Regulating and improving the immune microenvironment in the wound area is essential for regulating the wound repair process. In this work, we constructed a cellulose wound dressing with immunomodulatory function by improving the interaction between cellulose hydrogels, resulting in a high‐strain (more than 2000%) hydrogel based on dialcohol cellulose nanorods (DCNRs), which could regulate the activation of macrophages. Besides, this hydrogel exhibits good rheological and mechanical properties, which is a potential candidate for 3D printing inks that enable personalized, customized, high‐precision manufacturing. Compared with traditional wound dressings, this 3D‐printed cellulose hydrogel could regulate and improve macrophage differentiation in the wound area, as well as regulating the secretions of related cytokines. Besides, 3D‐printed cellulose hydrogels can effectively promote angiogenesis in the injured area, thus accelerating the process of wound repair, and provide a new option for wound healing and tissue repair.