Hydrogen and Oxygen Nanobubbles Modulate Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Breast Cancer Cells

Abstract Nanobubbles are an emerging and promising tool in biomedical applications, ranging from ultrasound imaging to tumor treatment. However, their physiological influences on cell health remain poorly understood. This study investigates MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cell response to varying concentrations of hydrogen and oxygen nanobubbles in relation to proliferation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammation. The results show that cell proliferation increases with nanobubble concentration for both hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen nanobubbles exhibited a stronger dose‐dependent effect, whereas oxygen nanobubbles are more effective overall. Intracellular ROS production decreased with increasing nanobubble concentration for both gas types, with higher efficacy for oxygen nanobubbles. With respect to the expression of key inflammatory proteins, both nanobubble types decreased the protein expression at the highest nanobubble concentration tested, suggesting that they may suppress chronic inflammation. Finally, the wound healing assay suggested that hydrogen nanobubbles may perform better than oxygen nanobubbles with respect to cell migration. These findings suggest that nanobubble‐based therapies can modulate oxidative stress and inflammation in breast cancer cells. Understanding these mechanisms will be crucial for optimizing nanobubble applications in cancer treatment and other medical fields.