Advancing enhanced geothermal systems: Novel strategies for sustainable energy extraction and risk mitigation

Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) represent a pivotal advancement in harnessing geothermal energy as a low-carbon and sustainable power source. However, challenges such as induced seismicity, thermal breakthroughs, and economic viability have hindered their widespread adoption. This study integrates insights from recent advancements in hydraulic stimulation, reservoir optimization, and multi-physics coupling processes to propose innovative strategies for improving EGS efficiency and safety. Novel methods, such as Intermittent Thermal Extraction (ITE) and tunable fracture conductivity, demonstrate significant potential in extending reservoir lifespan, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and preventing thermal short-circuiting. Mixed CO2-water EGS configurations are highlighted as economically and environmentally advantageous, leveraging carbon sequestration to enhance profitability. Comprehensive evaluations of fracture networks reveal that multi-horizontal well systems and adaptive fracture conductivity designs significantly improve heat exchange efficiency and mitigate thermal losses. Multi-physics coupling models quantify the mechanical, chemical, and coupled effects on reservoir characteristics, offering new insights into optimizing injection strategies. Furthermore, a seismic risk management framework ensures operational safety and public acceptance. This work synthesizes technical and economic perspectives, providing a robust decision-making framework for sustainable EGS development. The findings offer a transformative pathway for achieving cleaner, more efficient geothermal energy systems while addressing critical operational and environmental challenges.