Source framing triggers systematic bias in large language models

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to evaluate text, raising urgent questions about whether their judgments are consistent, unbiased, and robust to framing effects. Here, we examine inter- and intramodel agreement across four state-of-the-art LLMs tasked with evaluating 4800 narrative statements on 24 different topics of social, political, and public health relevance, for a total of 192,000 assessments. We manipulate the disclosed source of each statement to assess how attribution to either another LLM or a human author of specified nationality affects evaluation outcomes. Different LLMs display a remarkably high degree of inter- and intramodel agreement across topics, but this alignment breaks down when source framing is introduced. Attributing statements to Chinese individuals systematically lowers agreement scores across all models and, in particular, for DeepSeek Reasoner. Our findings show that LLMs' own judgment of agreement with narrative statements exhibit systematic bias from framing effects, with substantial implications for the neutrality and fairness of LLM-mediated information systems.

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Publication Details

Journal
Science Advances
Published
2025-11-07
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adz2924
Citations
3
Primary Topic
Computational and Text Analysis Methods
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
16.03
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article

Source framing triggers systematic bias in large language models

Giovanni Spitale, Federico Germani
3 citations
Science Advances
Computational and Text Analysis Methods
16.03
article

Source framing triggers systematic bias in large language models

Giovanni Spitale, Federico Germani
article en
3 citations

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to evaluate text, raising urgent questions about whether their judgments are consistent, unbiased, and robust to framing effects. Here, we examine inter- and intramodel agreement across four state-of-the-art LLMs tasked with evaluating 4800 narrative statements on 24 different topics of social, political, and public health relevance, for a total of 192,000 assessments. We manipulate the disclosed source of each statement to assess how attribution to either another LLM or a human author of specified nationality affects evaluation outcomes. Different LLMs display a remarkably high degree of inter- and intramodel agreement across topics, but this alignment breaks down when source framing is introduced. Attributing statements to Chinese individuals systematically lowers agreement scores across all models and, in particular, for DeepSeek Reasoner. Our findings show that LLMs' own judgment of agreement with narrative statements exhibit systematic bias from framing effects, with substantial implications for the neutrality and fairness of LLM-mediated information systems.

Science AdvancesVol. 11(45)
University of Oslo (NO), University of Zurich (CH)
Openalex Percentile: Top 1%
Computational and Text Analysis Methods
16.03
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