Evaluation of metal removal from skin exposed to stainless steel and cement particles: Insights from an in vitro permeation study

Occupational exposure to metal-containing particles can pose significant risks to skin health, particularly in environments where materials such as stainless steel and cement are handled. This study evaluates the effectiveness of simple aqueous cleansing methods-water and soapy water-for removing metals from the skin after exposure to stainless steel particles (SSP) and cement dust, with the aim of informing dermal decontamination practices. Using an in vitro skin permeation model with Franz diffusion cells, we assessed the extent of metal absorption following exposure, with decontamination applied 15 min post-contact. Quantification of permeated metals was performed via ICP-MS. Notably, soapy water significantly reduced dermal retention of lead (Pb) from cement dust, from 305 ± 111 ng/cm² (untreated) to 7.74 ± 0.7 ng/cm² (p < 0.05). Conversely, the same procedure increased skin retention of nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr), suggesting a wash-in effect. For SSP exposure, soapy water was effective in reducing permeation of all tested metals. These findings emphasize the need for tailored skin cleansing strategies and contribute to the development of protective and cleansing formulations aimed at mitigating metal-induced skin toxicity.