Performance Evaluation of Fiber-Reinforced Rubberized Paving-Blocks Containing Ceramic and Glass Wastes

The increasing demand for sustainable construction materials has underscored the limitations of conventional interlocking paving blocks (IPBs), particularly regarding durability, mechanical performance, and environmental impact. To overcome these shortcomings, this study proposes an integrated strategy of incorporating various waste materials in the production of IPBs namely: Untreated and surface-treated crumb rubber (CR) as a partial sand replacement at levels of 10%, and 20%; ceramic powder (CP) and glass powder (GP) as cement partial replacement at levels of 10%, 20%, and 30%, recycled ceramic as a full replacement of dolomite; and discrete fibers (basalt, polypropylene, and glass). A series of experimental tests was conducted to assess the slump, compressive and flexural strengths, water absorption, abrasion resistance, and microstructure of the proposed IPBs. The results of this study revealed that while untreated CR reduced workability and strength, it enhanced flexural resistance. Surface treatments of CR using CP and GP improved bonding and reduced porosity, with 20% CP yielding the best performances of 17.3% and 20% increases in compressive and flexural strength, respectively. Among fibers, 0.6% basalt fiber offered optimal strength and abrasion resistance (0.20 mm), while 0.6% polypropylene fiber achieved the lowest water absorption (3.70%) and a minimum abrasion depth of 0.28 mm at TR20CP mix. Microstructure analyses confirmed denser microstructure and stronger interfacial bonding in treated and fiber-reinforced mixes. This work offers a scalable, waste-based enhancement strategy for producing more durable and sustainable production of IPBs.