Research on the effect of Rosa roxburghii root in alleviating spleen and stomach damp–heat gastric ulcer by regulating the imbalance of oral–gut axis microbiota

Compared to the control (CON) group, the gastric ulcer (GU) group exhibited significant pathological alterations in the gastric mucosa. The levels of IL-6, TNF-<i>α</i>, and MDA were significantly elevated (<i>p <</i> 0.01), whereas the levels of NO, iNOS, MTL, and PGE₂ showed a notable reduction (<i>p <</i> 0.01). Compared to the GU group, the RT's high-dose (RTH) groups exhibited statistically significant improvements in the ulcer index, reduced levels of TNF-<i>α</i>, IL-6, MDA, and increased levels of NO, MTL, iNOS, and PGE₂ (<i>p <</i> 0.05). Moreover, RT reversed oral-gut microbial dysbiosis, increasing the relative abundance of oral bacteria <i>Muribacter</i> and <i>Corynebacterium</i>, as well as intestinal bacteria <i>Lactobacillus</i>, <i>Romboutsia</i>, and <i>Limosilactobacillus</i>, while decreasing the relative abundance of oral bacteria <i>Rodentibacte</i>r, <i>Rothia</i>, and <i>Streptococcus</i>, and intestinal bacteria <i>Ligilactobacillus</i> and <i>Desulfovibrio</i>. Both oral and gut bacteria are closely associated with clinical inflammatory factors in GU. Following ulcer onset, decreased levels of NO, iNOS, PGE₂, and MTL, alongside increased levels of TNF-<i>α</i>, IL-6, and MDA, directly induce a reduction in the abundance of bacteria, including <i>Rothia</i>, <i>Streptococcus</i>, <i>Corynebacterium</i>, <i>Globicatella</i>, <i>Romboutsia</i>, and <i>Lactobacillus</i>, with this effect being more pronounced in the oral cavity. However, treatment with RT may potentially increase the abundance of these bacteria within the intestine, which could directly regulate gastric ulcer-related inflammatory factor levels and ameliorate clinical symptoms. <i>R. roxburghii</i> root has therapeutic effects against the progression of gastric ulcers by promoting mucosal repair and suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators.