Cardiometabolic Syndrome: From Epidemiological Features and Pathogenesis to Surgical Treatment Strategies

Cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). It leads to increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. CMS is defined by the presence of abdominal obesity, hypertension, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, and glucose intolerance. With the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes, CMS has become a significant threat to public health. As an intervention to improve the pathophysiological mechanisms of CMS, surgical treatment has achieved remarkable progress in recent years in the fields of metabolic surgery, cardiovascular reconstruction, and emerging technologies. Particularly for patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes accompanied by insulin resistance, surgical intervention can significantly improve metabolic parameters and cardiovascular outcomes. This article reviews the pathogenesis of CMS, surgical treatment approaches, and the evaluation of surgical outcomes, aiming to provide a comprehensive reference for the surgical management of CMS. By analyzing recent relevant studies, it discusses the current status and future directions of surgical treatment for CMS.