Land-based carbon neutrality efficiency in the European Union

The findings are as follows. (i) Carbon neutrality management is less of a focus than carbon emission management. (ii) There is a trade-off relationship between forest carbon neutrality efficiency and agricultural land efficiency. (iii) Countries in the green group exhibit great heterogeneity in their GDP than those in the gray and mixed groups. (iv) The green group countries exhibit heterogeneous economic structures, and their carbon neutrality performance reflects the overall pattern observed in the EU.