Electrifying Transport: Assessing the Air Quality and Policy Implications of Battery Electric vs. Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles

The transportation sector is responsible for over 20% of Europe’s CO2 emissions, significantly worsening urban air quality and compromising public health. Electric vehicles (EVs)—namely BEVs and PHEVs—offer some relief by lowering noise and pollution in urban settings. Nevertheless, their effectiveness in benefiting the environment relies on the current electricity generation mix. In accordance with national energy goals, this study evaluates the environmental effects of EV adoption in Greece until 2035, utilizing a scenario-based approach grounded in the forecasts of the Greek National Energy and Climate Plan. Three different electrification pathways are examined to explore how varying levels of electric vehicle adoption and progress in decarbonizing the power sector could reduce air pollution, particularly in cities. By comparing the projected CO2, CO, NOx, PM10, and SO2 pollutant output from BEVs and PHEVs with those of internal combustion engine vehicles, the study highlights the significance of integrating renewable energy sources and assesses the potential for EVs to reduce emissions within Greece’s changing energy mix.