A Unified Sliding Mode‐Based Model Reference Control Scheme for DC and AC Power Grids

ABSTRACT The decarbonisation of the energy sector necessitates effective coordination and control of heterogeneous energy sources, each exhibiting distinct dynamic behaviours and response characteristics. Model‐reference control has emerged as a promising strategy to enforce desired system behaviour by aligning it with that of a known model. This paper proposes a unified control framework for both direct current (DC) and alternate current (AC) power grids based on the model‐reference principle. The method draws inspiration from robust non‐linear control techniques and is designed to address the structural and dynamical disparities between DC and AC systems within a unified control architecture. Comprehensive application case studies are conducted using MATLAB‐Simscape environment focussing on representative DC and AC power grids scenarios. The outcomes demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method in comparison to conventional approaches, thereby validating its efficacy in achieving reliable and coordinated control across diverse grid types.