A Multi-Scale Windowed Spatial and Channel Attention Network for High-Fidelity Remote Sensing Image Super-Resolution

Remote sensing image super-resolution (SR) plays a crucial role in enhancing the quality and resolution of satellite and aerial imagery, which is essential for various applications, including environmental monitoring and urban planning. While recent image super-resolution networks have achieved strong results, remote-sensing images present domain-specific challenges—complex spatial distribution, large cross-scale variations, and dynamic topographic effects—that can destabilize multi-scale fusion and limit the direct applicability of generic SR models. These features make it difficult for single-scale feature extraction methods to fully capture the complex structure, leading to the presence of artifacts and structural distortion in the reconstructed remote sensing images. Therefore, new methods are needed to overcome these challenges and improve the accuracy and detail fidelity of remote sensing image super-resolution reconstruction. This paper proposes a novel Multi-scale Windowed Spatial and Channel Attention Network (MSWSCAN) for high-fidelity remote sensing image super-resolution. The proposed method combines multi-scale feature extraction, window-based spatial attention, and channel attention mechanisms to effectively capture both global and local image features while addressing the challenges of fine details and structural distortion. The network is evaluated on several benchmark datasets, including WHU-RS19, UCMerced and RSSCN7, where it demonstrates superior performance in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM) compared to state-of-the-art methods. The results show that the MSWSCAN not only enhances texture details and edge sharpness but also reduces reconstruction artifacts. To address cross-scale variations and dynamic topographic effects that cause texture drift in multi-scale SR, we combine windowed spatial attention to preserve local geometry with a channel-aware fusion layer (FFL) that reweights multi-scale channels. This stabilizes cross-scale aggregation at a runtime comparable to DAT and yields sharper details on heterogeneous land covers. Averaged over WHU–RS19, RSSCN7, and UCMerced_LandUse at ×2/×3/×4, MSWSCAN improves PSNR (peak signal-to-noise ratio, dB)/SSIM (structural similarity index measure, 0–1) by +0.10 dB/+0.0038 over SwinIR and by +0.05 dB/+0.0017 over DAT. In conclusion, the proposed MSWSCAN achieves state-of-the-art performance in remote sensing image SR, offering a promising solution for high-quality image enhancement in remote sensing applications.