Sequential optimization and redesign of district-metered and district-pressure areas for existing water distribution networks

Most water distribution networks (WDNs) have expanded traditionally and are based on population growth, regardless of the concept of district-metered areas (DMAs). Pressure management in existing and old WDNs has many advantages, including water leakage control, ease of operation, and WDN management in emergencies. Implementing pressure management policies, such as zoning, is a practical solution for identifying and reducing non-revenue water. This study has investigated the separate and sequential optimization effects of creating DMAs and district-pressure areas (DPAs) for pressure management in four scenarios. The proposed method has been applied to two Rural and Bellingham WDNs, and the results of each scenario have been compared by cost, reliability, and nodal pressures. The results showed that the sequential optimization consideration of DPAs and DMAs (scenario 4) caused the highest reliability and cost. The scenario increased reliability to 67 and 79% in Rural and Bellingham WDNs, respectively. Also, the results showed that creating a separate DMA (scenario 2) in the WDN has significantly lower costs than other scenarios. The results of this study, which compares pressure management scenarios, can lead to choosing the best scenario for redesigning WDNs. The proposed approach minimizes leaks and bursts in WDNs, enhancing customer satisfaction and supporting sustainable city development.