Pathways to climate resilience: adoption and challenges of climate-smart agriculture in Northeast Nigeria: A review

Northeastern Nigeria's food security and agricultural output are seriously threatened by climate change. This study looks at how the Northeastern region of Nigeria might become more resilient and less affected by climate change by implementing climate-smart agricultural (CSA) methods. Three pillars are integrated by CSA: lowering greenhouse gas emissions, adapting and enhancing resilience, and sustainably improving productivity. Conservation agriculture, rainwater collection, drought-tolerant crop types, agroforestry, integrated pest control, better animal nutrition, and renewable energy sources are some of the important CSA methods that have been studied. Although these methods present promising solutions, a variety of obstacles, including institutional, technological, economic, and environmental ones, make their adoption difficult. Adoption is hampered by gender inequality, poverty, resource scarcity, unstable land tenure, poor extension services, and a lack of laws that encourage adoption. Environmental challenges like resource degradation and extreme weather events further exacerbate these barriers. Overcoming obstacles requires a holistic approach involving policy reforms, capacity building, infrastructure development, and community engagement. Collaborative efforts across sectors, stakeholder involvement, and context-specific strategies are crucial for mainstreaming CSA and achieving sustainable agricultural development in Northeast Nigeria.