Feasibility of Micro-Hydro Power for Rural Electrification in Bangladesh: A Case Study from the Chittagong Hill Tracts

Bangladesh has achieved notable progress in expanding electricity access nationwide. Nonetheless, remote and topographically challenging regions such as the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) continue to face coverage gaps due to grid extension difficulties. This research investigates the technical feasibility of micro-hydro power (MHP) systems as viable off-grid solutions for rural electrification in CHT. Field surveys conducted across various sites assessed available head and flow rates using GPS-based elevation measurements and portable flow meters. Seasonal fluctuations were factored into the analysis to ensure year-round operational viability. The study involved estimating power output, selecting appropriate turbine types based on head-flow data, and proposing preliminary plant configurations. Results identify multiple locations with adequate head (2.5 to 10.4 m) and flow rates (0.10 to 0.35 m3/s), capable of generating between 1.5 and 16.5 kW, sufficient for essential rural applications. Based on site-specific head and discharge characteristics, Kaplan and Francis turbines were identified as the most suitable configurations, offering high efficiency for the medium-flow, low-to-medium head environments typical of the studied regions. Despite inherent technical potential, challenges such as seasonal variability, infrastructure complexities, and policy deficiencies remain. This investigation addresses a critical knowledge gap in local renewable energy planning. It offers a data-driven foundation for pilot projects and community-scale electrification initiatives in Bangladesh’s remote mountainous areas.