Wear Behavior of <scp>CNT</scp> / <scp>ZDMA</scp> /Rubber Composites for Tire Applications

ABSTRACT This study investigates the effects of carbon nanotube (CNT) concentration on the properties and wear performance of rubber‐based composites. Rubber compounds containing 0–9 phr CNT are compounded using a Haake internal mixer. Comprehensive analyses of filler distribution, tribological behavior, and wear mechanisms are performed. The results indicate that the optimal CNT content of 5 phr significantly improves filler dispersion, reduces silica (SiO 2 ) aggregation, and facilitates the formation of a robust ionically crosslinked network, thereby reducing friction and material loss. In contrast, excessive CNT content (&gt; 5 phr) disrupts the filler network, induces the formation of larger SiO 2 clusters, and consequently deteriorates wear resistance and increases friction. Evaluations of the Payne effect and filler dispersion suggest that CNTs can inhibit the silanization, limiting dispersion efficiency. Analyses of 3D surface topography and wear morphology further reveal that moderate CNT incorporation mitigates surface degradation, whereas excessive amounts weaken the structural network and accelerate wear. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing CNT‐reinforced rubber formulations with superior frictional and wear performance.