Utilizing street-level imagery for advanced evaluation of active mobility performance: a case study of urban tourism patterns in Phuket, Thailand

Phuket presents as one of Thailand’s premier coastal tourism destinations contributing to its appeal through a composite of strategic location, advanced infrastructure and prosperous tourism. With millions of international visitors annually, there is an increasing demand for enhanced connectivity and mobility. This research explores how the built environment affects pedestrian and cyclist movement using high-resolution street-level imagery and semantic segmentation. Survey results from tourists, residents and business operators indicate a strong dependence on motorized transportation, reflecting the inadequacy of non-motorized infrastructure. Complementary semantic segmentation of street-level imagery revealed critical urban features such as roadways, sidewalks and safety elements, highlighting the underdevelopment of pedestrian and cycling infrastructure, particularly in tourist-oriented areas. Factor analysis highlighted key design elements influencing travel satisfaction, such as road conditions and signage. The findings emphasize the need for sustainable transport infrastructure such as dedicated bike lanes and improved sidewalks to foster a more inclusive and eco-friendlier urban environment. By addressing these infrastructure gaps, Phuket can enhance visitor experiences, reduce carbon emissions and foster a more sustainable tourism model that benefits both local communities and the environment. This research informs strategies for enhancing Phuket’s urban mobility while aligning with sustainable tourism and carbon reduction goals, offering valuable insights for similar destinations worldwide.