Developments and challenges in hydrate-based carbon dioxide sequestration technology

Abstract Hydrate-based carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) sequestration (HBCS) technology utilizes naturally occurring high-pressure and low-temperature marine conditions to convert CO 2 into solid hydrates within marine sediments, offering a promising complementary pathway for carbon emission reduction and large-scale marine sequestration. This review examines the current developments and challenges of HBCS from both scientific and engineering perspectives. First, we present the fundamental principles of HBCS, with particular emphasis on key mechanisms such as phase transition and pore sequestration. Then, we explore the mechanisms of hydrate nucleation and growth that influence core processes, as well as multi-scale stability characteristics from the microscopic to the macroscopic level. Furthermore, we systematically assess thermodynamic and kinetic factors affecting sequestration efficiency, including but not limited to marine reservoir types, injection strategies, and environmentally friendly additives. Subsequently, based on an integrated evaluation of environmental, social, and economic dimensions, we assess the development potential of HBCS technology. Finally, the primary challenges currently faced are identified, and future research directions are proposed. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the progress and challenges associated with HBCS, emphasizes its potential role in global carbon reduction efforts, and offers theoretical guidance for future industrial applications. Graphical Abstract