Adaptation and validation of the revised two-factor study process questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F) for tertiary physical education contexts in China

Results indicated that a first-order two-factor model comprising ten items measuring the deep approach (DA) subscale and eight items measuring the surface approach (SA) subscale exhibited good fit to the data. Reliability analyses further confirmed strong internal consistency, with coefficients of 0.947 for the overall structural model, 0.928 for the DA subscale, and 0.855 for the SA subscale. These findings provided evidence that the adapted 18-item R-SPQ-2F was a valid and reliable tool for measuring Chinese undergraduates' learning approaches in PE contexts. By establishing a valid measure of PE learning approaches, this study provided a foundation for designing targeted interventions that bridge the improvement of PE learning approaches with active lifestyle promotion. Future validation in diverse PE settings and student populations is recommended to strengthen its utility for such health-promotion initiatives.