The Japanese Teratology Society 65th Annual Meeting July 25–27, 2025

Down syndrome is associated with a wide range of comorbidities.Although it is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21, which encodes approximately 500 genes, the key mechanisms underlying the development of these diverse complications remain largely unknown.One major reason for the limited progress in elucidating the pathophysiology of this well-known disorder has Congenital Anomalies, 2025