CO2 flux from farmland across salinization gradients during freeze–thaw periods under winter irrigation

The results indicated that as the soil froze and thawed, CO₂ emissions exhibited a trend of initially decreasing and then increasing. During the pre-freezing period, winter irrigation intensified salt accumulation in the unfrozen zones, thereby restricting gas emissions. The rate of decline in CO₂ fluxes increased with irrigation amount, and this effect became more pronounced as soil salinity increased. In the high- and medium-salinity treatments, irrigation significantly reduced CO₂ emissions, with the emissions under the irrigation treatments being approximately half of those observed in the control treatment. However, during the thawing period, the redistribution of soil salt and moisture weakened the effect of irrigation and irrigation no longer had no significant effect on CO₂ emissions. The soil salinity became the only influential factor. Moreover, since CO₂ emissions during the thawing period were much higher than those during the pre-freezing period, the overall effect of winter irrigation on CO₂ emissions across the entire freeze-thaw cycle was not significant. From the perspective of carbon sequestration and emission reduction, winter irrigation is a neutral agricultural practice, neither reducing carbon emissions nor increasing the risk of carbon release.