Characteristic Analysis of Energy Storage Devices Based on Their Transfer Function

This study conducted electrical modeling and comparative analysis of the characteristics of four widely used battery types in electric vehicles and renewable energy systems: (1) lithium iron phosphate (LFP), (2) lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM), (3) lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), and (4) lead-acid batteries. Given the increasing number of recent fire and explosion incidents involving lithium-ion batteries, there is a critical need to enhance their fundamental safety. In this study, an analytical method for energy storage characterization was employed using an impedance frequency range from 1 kHz to 0.1 Hz. Furthermore, reflected wave analysis was employed to monitor internal impedance variations within the batteries. Electrical modeling was conducted using Bode plot analysis in conjunction with MATLAB software, and the energy storage performance of each battery was subsequently evaluated.