The Impact of Smoking on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Smoking increases inflammatory activity and reduces anti-inflammatory protection in intervertebral discs, accelerating degeneration. Elevated IL-1β and TNF-α are reliable biomarkers of smoking-related inflammation, while reduced AAT indicates compromised protective mechanisms. These results support smoking cessation as a preventive strategy and highlight biomarker-based approaches for early detection and targeted therapy in IDD.
Authors
- Ezgi Akar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8582-2948)
- Emine Demir (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4087-432X)
- Eyüp Çetin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2045-6721)
- Hakan Beyaztaş (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3706-5193)
- Eylem Burcu Kahraman Özlü (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1662-1103)
- Serap Kocaoğlu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-3614)
- Dilara Başgül Sagiri
Institutions
- Hamedan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Üsküdar University (TR)
- Haydarpaşa Numune Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi (TR)
- University of Health Sciences Antigua (AG)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Clinical Spine Surgery A Spine Publication
- Published
- 2025-11-06
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1097/bsd.0000000000001942
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 2.94