Methods for estimating energy demand for electric refrigerated vehicles

The development of electromobility in the transport sector is gaining importance due to increasingly strict emission regulations and the need to reduce CO₂ emissions. Electric refrigerated vehicles (EVRs) present a promising alternative to traditional refrigerated transport, combining zero-emission propulsion with temperature control systems. However, estimating the energy demand of EVRs is a complex task, as it must account for both vehicle propulsion and refrigeration under dynamic operating conditions. This paper reviews current literature, discusses various estimation methods — including analytical, measurement-based, simulation, and normative approaches — and presents a modular concept for a comprehensive energy demand estimation method. The proposed framework integrates technical vehicle parameters, environmental conditions, and transport scenarios to provide accurate, simulation-based predictions. Its application can support the design and optimization of EVRs in terms of energy efficiency, logistics planning, and battery system sizing.