Between Technology and Institutions: Systemic, Institutional, and Social Enablers of Digital Transformation

As disruptive technologies evolve rapidly, many organisations still struggle to translate digital potential into actual transformation. This study investigates the most current and interrelated internal and external factors shaping the success of digital transformation today. The primary aim of this article is to compile, categorise, and analyse the most up-to-date factors that determine the digital transformation process, with a focus on their mutual relationships and practical implications. This study employed a systematic literature review, following the framework of Khan et al. [11], to identify, evaluate, and synthesise high-quality publications from 2020 to 2025 on the determinants of digital transformation, based on clearly defined, replicable selection criteria. The literature review was structured around five theoretical approaches: TOE, RBV and dynamic capabilities, managerial perspective, TAM, and studies with no explicit theoretical anchoring. The findings highlight that technological factors remain the primary drivers of digital adoption, but their success depends on organisational culture, leadership engagement, and user readiness. Effective transformation requires the alignment of technology usability, internal adaptability, and continuous learning, with human factors emerging as the core enablers of long-term digital adaptation. This study is limited by its qualitative scope and focus detailed theoretical aspect, suggesting future research should expand to other organisational functions, sectors, and diverse institutional or cultural contexts.