Referral care utilization and financial burden of comorbidities among individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis: A two-part model analysis of Indonesia’s national health insurance data, 2022

This study reports that individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis who also have noncommunicable diseases face a much heavier financial burden within Indonesia's National Health Insurance program. Strengthening primary care and integrating tuberculosis and noncommunicable disease management should be implemented to reduce costs and improve health outcomes.