Efficient VR rendering: Survey on foveated, stereo, cloud, and low-power rendering techniques

With technological advancements, virtual reality (VR), once limited to high-end professional applications, is rapidly expanding into entertainment and broader consumer domains. However, the inherent contradiction between mobile hardware computing power and the demand for high-resolution, high-refresh-rate rendering has intensified, leading to critical bottlenecks, including frame latency and power overload, which constrain large-scale applications of VR systems. This study systematically analyzes four key technologies for efficient VR rendering: (1) foveated rendering, which dynamically reduces rendering precision in peripheral regions based on the physiological characteristics of the human visual system (HVS), thereby significantly decreasing graphics computation load; (2) stereo rendering, optimized through consistent stereo rendering acceleration algorithms; (3) cloud rendering, utilizing object-based decomposition and illumination-based decomposition for distributed resource scheduling; and (4) low-power rendering, integrating parameter-optimized rendering, super-resolution technology, and frame-generation technology to enhance mobile energy efficiency. Through a systematic review of the core principles and optimization approaches of these technologies, this study establishes research benchmarks for developing efficient VR systems that achieve high fidelity and low latency while providing further theoretical support for the engineering implementation and industrial advancement of VR rendering technologies.