Load Frequency Control Strategy for Power Systems Integrated with Electric Vehicles and PV Systems

The expanding integration of renewable energy (RE) sources into modern power introduces operational challenges such as frequency instability. This study focuses on Load Frequency Control (LFC) in the context of PV power integration. A Newton–Raphson-Based Optimizer (NRBO) is employed to tune the Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller parameters for a two-area interconnected power system, with performance compared against the Teach–Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) method. Furthermore, the study evaluates the performance of a novel cascaded PD–P–PID controller relative to a conventional PID approach. Simulation results reveal notable improvements, including reductions in peak overshoot, undershoot, settling time, and oscillatory behavior. The influence of PV power integration into Area 1 on system frequency and tie-line power is also analyzed. To counteract frequency deviations arising from PV output variability, the paper proposes incorporating an Electric Vehicle (EV) system as an auxiliary frequency regulation resource.