Directed transport of multiple deformable particles in time-oscillating potentials

We numerically investigate the transport behavior of multiple deformable particles in time-oscillating potentials. For a fixed potential asymmetry, the transport direction is determined by the competition between two nonequilibrium driving mechanisms: the self-propulsion speed and the oscillation frequency of the potential. Particle deformability can either enhance or impede transport depending on which driving force dominates. Both rotational noise and particle density exhibit nonmonotonic influences, including velocity reversals. By carefully tuning system parameters, multiple reversals of the average particle velocity can be achieved, providing a potential mechanism for selective particle separation. Compared to single-particle systems, collective interactions give rise to richer dynamics and stronger transport rectification. These findings deepen the theoretical understanding of active soft matter in time-dependent potentials and may guide the design of experimental strategies for controlling and separating deformable particles in complex environments.