Plasma Surface Modification of Biomedical Implants and Devices: Emphasis on Orthopedic, Dental, and Cardiovascular Applications

Plasma surface modification has emerged as a powerful, versatile tool for tailoring the surface properties of biomedical devices and implants without altering the material characteristics in the bulk. This comprehensive review critically examines the current state-of-the-art in plasma-based surface engineering techniques, with a focus on enhancing biocompatibility, bio-functionality, and long-term performance of medical implants. The article systematically explores various plasma processes and their roles in modifying surface chemistry, topography, energy, and wettability. These alterations directly influence protein adsorption, cell adhesion, antibacterial activity, and corrosion resistance, all of which are crucial for successful clinical integration. Special emphasis is placed on the plasma treatment of metallic (e.g., titanium, stainless steel), polymeric (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone), and composite substrates commonly used in dental, orthopedic, and cardiovascular applications. This review also highlights synergistic strategies, such as plasma-assisted grafting of bioactive molecules and nanostructuring, that enable multifunctional surfaces capable of promoting osseointegration, mitigating inflammation, and preventing biofilm formation. Emerging trends such as atmospheric cold plasmas and the integration of plasma technology with additive manufacturing are outlined as promising future directions. By synthesizing insights from surface science, materials engineering, and biomedical research, this review provides a foundational framework to guide future innovations in plasma-treated biomaterials. It aims to inform both academic researchers and medical device developers seeking to optimize implant–tissue interactions and achieve improved clinical outcomes.