Genetic Diversity and Structure for Conservation Genetics of Goldeye Rockfish Sebastes thompsoni (Jordan and Hubbs, 1925) in South Korea

<i>Sebastes thompsoni</i> is a cold-water rockfish of commercial and ecological value off the coast of Korea, requiring conservation management. We analyzed seven microsatellite loci to assess genetic diversity, population structure, and historical effective population size (<i>N</i>_e) of five populations obtained from the South and East Seas of Korea in 2018. The observed heterozygosity (<i>H</i>_O = 0.759-0.816) was higher than previously reported, and none of the STRUCTURE, DAPC, or AMOVA analyses detected geographic differentiation among samples from the South and East coasts of Korea, indicating a single population within these coasts. There was genetic flow between the five groups, with migration rates ranging from 4.1 to 19.11. However, the current <i>N</i>_e of all populations is estimated to be <1000, and VarEff-based reconstructions indicate a recent, severe bottleneck following an expansion approximately 600-1200 years ago (100-200 generations ago). This suggests that genetic diversity loss may persist in the future due to long-term habitat loss, fishing pressure, and ocean current fluctuations. Therefore, <i>S. thompsoni</i> should be established as a single management unit covering the Korean Peninsula coast, and habitat protection, overfishing control, genetic management type resource release using various mother and broodstock, and periodic genetic monitoring should be promoted. This study provides evidence to guide efforts to secure long-term genetic resilience and sustainable management of <i>S. thompsoni</i> in Korean coastal waters.