The influence of landscape functions and place type on place attachment. A case of Kigali City’s car-free zone

Car-free zones within urban realms offer various functions based on their spaces and amenities, which result in connections that place dependence and identity. Place identity (PI) and place dependence (PD) are important for the development of place attachment (PA). This study investigates the relationship between urban public space functions, PI and PD within the context of a car-free zone in Kigali City’s CBD. The aim is to analyze users’ perceptions based on landscape functions and aspects that contribute to PA through PI and PD. The study is timely in illuminating the role of car-free zones as a concept that is gaining prominence within Africa’s developing countries. A mixed-method approach with 183 survey respondents and field investigation through photography, observations and mapping was used. Regression analysis identified air quality, recreational and therapeutic values as significant predictors of PD. Correlation analysis revealed moderate positive spatial associations between PI, PD and space values. The study concludes that varying levels of PD and PI aspects influence attachment to place depending on place quality and functions. The study outcomes are important in informing place making and keeping of urban public spaces and their contribution to PA in terms of quality and functions.