Itiner-e: A high-resolution dataset of roads of the Roman Empire
The Roman Empire's road system was critical for structuring the movement of people, goods and ideas, and sustaining imperial control. Yet, it remains incompletely mapped and poorly integrated across sources despite centuries of research. We present Itiner-e, the most detailed and comprehensive open digital dataset of roads in the entire Roman Empire. It was created by identifying roads from archaeological and historical sources, locating them using modern and historical topographic maps and remote sensing, and digitising them with road segment-level metadata and certainty categories. The dataset nearly doubles the known length of Roman roads through increased coverage and spatial precision, and reveals that the location of only 2.737% are known with certainty. This resource is transformative for understanding how mobility shaped connectivity, administration, and even disease transmission in the ancient world, and for studies of the millennia-long development of terrestrial mobility in the region.
Authors
- Jens Christoffersen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2287-2673)
- Michele Massa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4992-9016)
- Pau de Soto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7068-786X)
- Tom Brughmans (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1589-7768)
- Toon Bongers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4249-5086)
- Louis Manière (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-2975)
- Hamdi Şahin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2812-4246)
- Maël Crépy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9901-1820)
- Philip Verhagen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8166-122X)
- Bérangère Redon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4834-0269)
- Peter Bjerregaard Vahlstrup
- Adéla Sobotková (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4541-3963)
- Barbora Weissová (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3297-6855)
- Adam Pažout (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7745-5634)
- Joseph Lewis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0477-1756)
- Giuseppina Renda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5045-5236)
- M. Johansen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9361-6838)
- L. Möller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8048-5072)
- Amanda Leighton Spatzek
- Álvaro Auir
Institutions
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Bilkent University (TR)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Charles University (CZ)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Histoire et Sources des Mondes Antiques (FR)
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (IT)
- Istanbul University (TR)
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Scientific Data
- Published
- 2025-11-06
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06140-z
- Citations
- 5
- Primary Topic
- Archaeological Research and Protection
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 37.29
Funders
- Aarhus Universitet
- National Research Foundation
- Danmarks Grundforskningsfond
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación