Non-Heisenbergian quantum mechanics

Relaxing the postulates of an axiomatic theory is a natural way to find more general theories, and historically, the discovery of non-Euclidean geometry is a famous example of this procedure. Here, we use this way to extend quantum mechanics by ignoring the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>h</mml:mi> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:math> of Heisenberg's quantum mechanics – We do not assume the existence of a position operator that satisfies the Heisenberg commutation relation, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">&amp;#x005E;</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">&amp;#x005E;</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mi class="MJX-variant">&amp;#x210F;</mml:mi> </mml:math> . The remaining axioms of quantum theory, besides Galilean symmetry, lead to a more general quantum theory with a free parameter <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>l</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> of length dimension, such that as <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>l</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">&amp;#x2192;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:math> the theory reduces to standard quantum theory. Perhaps surprisingly, this non-Heisenberg quantum theory, without a priori assumption of the non-commutation relation, leads to a modified Heisenberg uncertainty relation, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&amp;#x0394;</mml:mi> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&amp;#x0394;</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&amp;#x2265;</mml:mo> <mml:msqrt> <mml:msup> <mml:mi class="MJX-variant">&amp;#x210F;</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>l</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&amp;#x0394;</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math> , which ensures the existence of a minimal position uncertainty, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>l</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , as expected from various quantum gravity studies. By comparing the results of this framework with some observed data, which includes the first longitudinal normal modes of the bar gravitational wave detector AURIGA and the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&amp;#x2212;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> </mml:math> transition in the hydrogen atom, we obtain upper bounds on the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>l</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> .